Cutting oil preparation



United States Patent Ofiice 3,0985% Patented July 23, 1963 3,093,321 CUTTING 01L PREPARATIQN Jacob Faust, Belleville, Ni, and Ira Kukin, Bronx, N.Y.,

assignors to Scnnehorn Chemical and Refining Corporation, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Dec. 30, 1958, Ser. No. 783,675 13 Claims. (Cl. 252-33.3)

This invention relates to an improved cutting oil preparation. The invention more particularly relates to a soluble oil base, a soluble oil, and a cutting oil of the oil-in-water emulsion type prepared therefrom and having superior corrosion inhibiting properties.

In the working of metal by cutting, as for example, in the operation of machine tools, it is generally necessary to cool and lubricate the cutting tool and the surface being worked with a cutting oil.

Cutting oils conventionally consist of a stable emulsion of a normally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon, such as a lubricating oil in water. An aqueous phase emulsifying agent for the hydrocarbon is provided in order to maintain the same in the form of the oil-in-water emulsion.

The cutting oils are generally marketed as soluble oil bases or soluble oils from which the aqueous emulsions forming the cutting oil proper are formed.

The soluble oil base merely comprises an aqueous phase emulsifying agent for the liquid petroleum hydrocarbon such as the lubricating oil which forms the oil-in-water emulsion. The soluble oil base may thus consist of any known or conventional emulsifying agent which is capable of forming a stable oil-in-water emulsion from a normally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon, which is readily miscible with the petroleum hydrocarbon without detrimentally affecting the same and which does not exert any deleterious or corrosive action on a metal surface in the concentrations used.

The emulsifying agents forming the soluble oil base or major component thereof are generally of the water-soluble-soap type and petroleum mahogany sulphonates, as for example containing about 40% occluded oil have been found excellently suited for this purpose.

A soluble oil base, is for example described in US. Patent 2,307,744 of January 12, 1943. This soluble oil base consists of 70% of petroleum mahogany sulphonate (40% occluded oil content), 19.5% soda rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% water. The soluble oil base as described in the patent additionally contains chromium oleate in an amount of, as for example, 0.25 to 1% in order to suppress any foaming tendencies of the oil-inwater emulsions ultimately formed, In addition, the soluble oil base may contain a small quantity of normally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon, such as an amount of about 15 to 25%. This petroleum hydrocarbon may be the same petroleum hydrocarbon to which the base is added to form a soluble oil.

The soluble oil is prepared by adding the base to the hydrocarbon oil. Generally about 1 to 9 parts by volume of oil per 1 part by volume of base, and preferably 6 parts of oil per 1 part of base are used.

The hydrocarbon oil with which the base is blended to make the soluble oil may be any normally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon oil, such as a pale oil of paraffinic or naphthenic origin. It should generally have a viscosity range of about 75 to 200 Saybolt at 100 F. The oil may, for example, be reclaimed Mid-Continent oil having a Saybolt viscosity of 100 at 100 F., or a semiacid refined parafiinic oil of the same viscosity. Other illustrative examples of hydrocarbon oils which are conventionally used are straight or solvent refined Pennsylvania and Mid-Continent oils, as Well as solvent raffinates from Western or Gulf Coast crudes.

In order to form the cutting oil proper, the soluble oil is merely emulsified in water as for example by mixing or shaking forming the stable emulsion which is used as the cutting oil. About 2 to 20 and preferably about 10% oil blend is used by volume based on the amount of water,

In addition to the cooling and lubricating characteristics, the cutting oils should not readily corrode the equipment and work pieces with Which they come into contact. The conventional cutting oils, as for example the abovementioned types, have the disadvantage that they are not able to pass the severe British Corrosion Test as described in Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and Its Prod ucts Under Soluble Cutting Corrosion of Cast Iron Institute of Petroleum /52 Tentative, also referred to as the Herbert Test or Beany Test, and in many cases are not even able to pass the Copper Corrosion Test as de scribed in Federal Specification VV-7-791c corrosion test, Method 530.6.

The British Corrosion Test is done on a 5% emulsion of the soluble oil in Water. The Copper Corrosion Test is made on the soluble oil blend.

Machine parts left in the atmosphere between milling operations are also subject to corrosion.

Attempts have been made to overcome these disadvantages, as for example, by adding cresylic acid, borax or certain amines to the cutting oils. These materials, however, while increasing the corrosion inhibting characteristics did not prove satisfactory and they did not generally allow the addition to the soluble oil base but rather required the addition he made to the soluble oil and in most cases the cutting oil emulsion itself.

The soluble oil bases generally would not tolerate the quantities of the cresylic acid necessary for the corrosion inhibiting characteristics and when this acid was added, the oil bases would become cloudy and the emulsions formed therefrom unstable. The borax had to be added to the water from which the emulsion was formed which was impractical from a commercial standpoint.

One object of this invention is a soluble oil base which avoids the above-mentioned disadvantages and from which the soluble oil and cutting oil emulsion may be formed, which will pass the Copper Corrosion Test and severe British Corrosion Test while retaining all the other desirable characteristics.

A further object of this invention is a soluble oil formed from the above-described soluble oil base.

A still further object of this invention is an emulsiontype cutting oil formed from the above-mentioned soluble oil.

These and still further objects will become apparent from the following description:

In accordance with the invention, it has been surprisingly discovered that the corrosion inhibiting properties of the soluble oil base and the soluble oil and/or the cutting oil may be enhanced so that the same will pass the Copper Corrosion Test and severe British Corrosion Test by the addition of a minor quantity of a substituted phenol of a molecular weight between about and about 430, having the general formula:

in which R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals containingbetween about 5 and 24 atoms, and preferably 7 to 12 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl radical and aralkyl radicals, and M is a member selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, and quaternary ammonium ions.

The phenolic organic compounds which are particularly useful are the free oil-soluble phenolic compounds or the metal phenates thereof. Oil-solubility is imparted to such phenolic compounds by the presence in the molecule of at least nine aliphatic carbon atoms. Specific examples are: 3,5,5-trimethyl-n-hexyl phenol, n-decyl phenols, cetyl phenols, and nonyl phenols; alkaryl substituted phenols such as alkyl-phenyl phenols; polyhydroxy alkylaromatic compounds such as C -alkyl resorcinol, or polyhydroxy alkyl-benzenes, such as, for example, octyl catechol and tri-iso-butyl pyrogallol; and mono hydroxy alkylnaphthalenes such as C -alkyl alpha naphthol. Alkyl substituted phenol sulfides containing at least 5 alkyl carbon atoms such as iso amyl or nonyl phenol disulfide may be used.

The preferred additive, in accordance with the invention is an alkali metal salt of nonyl phenol and preferably potassium nonyl phenate.

' The salt of the substituted phenol, such as the potassium nonyl phenate, is preferably used in amounts of about 1 to 7% based on the soluble oil base. Amounts up to about 4% are generally sufficient so that the Copper Corrosion Test will'be passed whereas amounts of 4% and above and preferably about 5% are required in order to pass the British Corrosion Test. It is significant that the exact amount of substituted phenate required to pass the British Corrosion Test depends upon the amounts and types of components present in the soluble oil base and there is a relationship between the amount of phenate required and the content of emulsifying agents in the system. Thus, whereas with certain emulsifiers an amount of only 1-2% of substituted phenols in the form of its salt suflices to give adequate corrosion protection, we prefer to prepare soluble oil bases as for instance as in Example 1 in which case the emulsions obtained are very satisfactory from the viewpoints of emulsion stability, tolerance to hard water, storage stability and wherein amounts of 4% and above and preferably 5% of the substituted phenate are required to give the high corrosion resistance as typified by the British Corrosion Test.

The salt may be formed in situ in the soluble oil base or soluble oil by adding a base of the alkali metal forming the salt, as for example, sodium, potassium, or lithium hydroxide, or a substituted ammonium base, as for example, tetra ethanol ammonium hydroxide to the soluble oil base or soluble oil, after having added the substituted phenol to the base corresponding to the salt as for example nonyl phenol, and thus forming the salt in situ. The amount of alkali used may be the stoichiometric quantity based on the amount of the salt and substituted phenol to be formed, but an excess of the substituted phenol may be used, as for example an amount up to about 8%. In practice the substituted phenol is added to the soluble oil base and then an amount of potassium hydroxide is added to neutralize a major portion of, the phenol forming the salt in situ in sulficient quantities to impart adequate corrosion inhibition.

This in situ-formed salt not only enhances the corrosion inhibiting properties as mentioned, but results in an odorfree and stable soluble oil base which gives an emulsion of improved stability.

The emulsifying agent comprising the soluble oil base, the oil and amounts thereof added to form the soluble oil, and the amount of the soluble oil added to the water are all as is conventional and well known in the art and described above. For example, sulfonates which are suitable are oil-soluble and include salts of alkyl sulfonic acids, salts of alkaryl sulfonic acids and the so-called mahogany soap. The mahogany soaps include particularly the oil-soluble salts of aromatic sulfonic acids derived from petroleum. Many of the aromatic sulfonic acids have cycloalkyl (i.e., naphthenic groups in the side chains attached to the benzene ring). The mahogany soaps may include nonaromatic sulfonates produced in conventional sulfuric acid refining of lubricating oil distillates and from the industrial use of fuming sulfuric acid in the refining of petroleum. The industrial production 0f oil-soluble mahogany sulfonates from petroleum is well understood in the art and is described in the literature. Normally, the alkyl sulfonates require about 24 carbon atoms for oil solubility. The alkaryl sulfonates, however, require an alkyl portion totaling only about 18 carbon atoms. To attain the requisite oil solubility, therefore, requires that the hydrocarbon from which the sulfonate is prepared have a molecular weight between 350 and 1,000. Preferably this molecular weight is between 400 and 700. Particularly useful sulfonates include the mahogany soaps, salts of diwaxbenzene sulfonic acids, diwaxtoluene sulfonic acids, and polydcdecylbenzene sulfonic acids.

The following examples are given by way of illustration and not limitation: a 7

EXAMPLE I 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% occluded oil content, 19.5% potassium rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 2.8 parts by weight of a 45% solution of potassium hydroxide and 6.5 parts by weight of nonyl phenol. The nonyl phenol reacted with the potassium hydroxide forming potassium nonyl phenate in situ. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 18.2 parts by weight of a naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt sec. viscosity, at 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable.

The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at 100 F. forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, odor-free, and stable upon storing.

The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil. This emulsion is completely stable and odorfree. The same was used as a cutting oil for lubricating and cooling the cutting tool of a metal lathe, cutting mild steel stock, and for lubricating a milling cutter for cutting steel. The lubricating, cooling and over-all performance of the cutting oil was excellent. The cutting oil caused no corrosion of the tools or work pieces.

In order to further test the corrosion inhibiting properties of the cutting oil, several plates of grey cast iron, having a silicon content of not greater than 2%, and 10 cm. square by 6 thick was ground to a smooth finish. Steel milling, approximately of an inch long and of an inch in diameter were prepared by the dry milling of BS En 8 steel. The millings were transferred immediately after preparation into dry stoppered glass bottles. The test plates were cleaned with cotton wool soaked in benzene, washed with acetone from a wash bottle, allowed to dry in air, rubbed with No. 0 emery cloth for 60 rubs in each of two directions at right angles, and washed with acetone and rubbed down four times with clean filterpaper.

The test plates were placed on a level surface and four portions of approximately 2 grams each of the steel millings as described above were spread out on the surfaces of the plates. 2 m1. of the cutting oil emulsion were dropped with a pipette onto each of the millings so as to wet the millings thoroughly. The plates then were placed in a test chamber, the temperature of which was maintained at 65 F. and the relative humidity at 52%. Identical test plates with millings were made up and the millings wetted with:

(a) The identical cutting oil emulsion as above except prepared from a base which did not contain the nonyl phenol and potassium hydroxide.

(b) The identical emulsion but which did not contain the potassium hydroxide.

Table 1 RESULTS OF BRITISH CORROSION TEST The extent of corrosion and the intensity of corrosion (a) Emulsion containing mahogany sulionate,

rosin soap and coupling agent 3 3 (b) Emulsion as disclosed under (a) plus 2.8 parts of a 45 solution of XOR in soluble oil base 3 3 (c) Emulsion as disclosed under (a) plus 6.5

parts of nonyl phenol in soluble oil base. 3 3 (d) Emulsion prepared as disclosed under (a) plus 2.8 parts of a 45% solution oi KOH and 6.5 parts of nonyl phenol in soluble oil base- 0 Table 11 RESULTS OF COPPER CORROSION TEST The extent of corrosion is interpreted according to the appearance of ASTM Copper Corrosion strips: (see ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards Method D-l30-56).

Numerical rating Copper strips Bright and clean as freshly polished.

Slight tarnish.

Moderate tarnish.

Dark tarnish.

Black corrosion.

Type of cutting oil emulsion Numerical rating (a) For description see Table I (b) For description see Table I (c) For description see Table I (d) For description see Table I EXAMPLE II 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% occluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with. 6.5 gms. nonyl phenol and 1.8 gms. of a 50% sodium hydroxide solution. The nonyl phenol reacted with the sodium hydroxide solution forming sodium nonyl phenate in situ. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 18.2 parts by Weight of a naphthenic base petroleum 'hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, at 100 F., was'added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable.

The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 F. oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, odor-free, and stable upon storing.

The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results of the Corrosion Test are given in Tables III and IV EXAMPLE III 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate With a 40% occluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 9.5 parts by weight of a 45% solution of tetra ethanol ammonium hydroxide and 6.5 parts by Weight of nonyl phenol. The nonyl phenol reacted with the tetra ethanol ammonium hydroxide solution forming tetra ethanol ammonium nonyl phenate in situ. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 18.2 parts by weight of a naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, at 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable.

The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a convention-al naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 F. oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, odor-free, and stable upon Storing.

The soluble oil Was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results are shown in Tables III and IV.

EXAMPLE IV 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% occluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% Water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 6.3 parts by weight of amyl phenol and 3.4 parts by weight of a 45 solution of potassium hydroxide. The amyl phenol reacted with the potassium hydroxide solution forming potassium arnyl phenate in situ. This tot-a1 material constituted a soluble oil base. 18.2 parts by weight of a naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, at 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable. The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 -F. oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, odor-free and stable upon storing. The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results of Corrosion Tests are given in Tables III and IV.

EXAMPLE V 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% occluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin Soap, 4.5 diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 7.5 parts by weight of dodecyl phenol and 2.8 parts by weight of a 45 solution of potassium hydroxide.

The dodecyl phenol reacted with the potassium hydroxide solution forming potassium dodecyl phenate in situ. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 17.2 parts by Weight of a naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distill-ate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle,

weight of a 45% potassium hydroxide solution.

and readily mixable. The base was blended with'84.4% weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 F. oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained "clear, odor-free, and stable upon storing. The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results of the Corrosion Test are given in Tables III and IV.

EXAMPLE VI 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% oceluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin soap, 4.5% diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 6.4 parts by weight of cyclohexyl phenol and 3.3 parts by The cyolohexyl phenol reacted with the potassium hydroxide solution forming cyclohexyl phenate in sit-u. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 18.2 parts by weight of a naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, at 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable.

The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 F., oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, 'odorfree, and stable upon storing.

The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results of the "Corrosion Test are given in Tables III and IV.

- EXAMPLE VII 72.5 parts by weight of a soluble oil base consisting of 70% petroleum mahogany sulphonate with a 40% ecluded oil content, 19.5 potassium rosin soap, 4.5 diethylene glycol, and 6% water (which may additionally contain 0.25 to 1% by weight, based on the total other components, of chromium oleate) were blended with 11.6 parts by weight of dinonyl phenol and 2.8 parts by weight of a 45% solution of potassium hydroxide. The dinonyl phenol reacted with the potassium hydroxide solution forming potassium dinonyl phenate in situ. This total material constituted a soluble oil base. 15.9 parts by weight of naphthenic base petroleum hydrocarbon distillate of Saybolt 100 viscosity, at 100 F., was added, forming a soluble oil base containing a small quantity of oil, rendering the same very easy to handle, and readily mixable. The base was blended with 84.4% by weight of a conventional naphthenic oil of 100 sec. Saybolt viscosity at a 100 F. oil forming the soluble oil. The oil remained clear, odor-free, and stable upon storing.

The soluble oil was stirred with water forming a stable aqueous emulsion containing 5.0% by volume of the soluble oil.

Results of Corrosion Test given in Tables III and IV.

Table III BRITISH CORROSION TEST 1. A cutting oil of the stable oil-in-water emulsion type comprising between to 98 percent of water and between 2 to 20 percent of a composition capable of forming an aqueous emulsion of the oilain-water type composed of between 1 to 9 parts by volume of a nor: mally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon and 1 part by volume of an aqueous phase emulsifying agent for said hydrocarbon'and 1 to 7 percent of a salt of a substituted phenol having the general formula in which R is "a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having between 5 and 24 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl radicals and aralkyl radicals, and M is a member selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and tetraethanol ammonium hydroxide calculated on said emulsifying base for imparting corrosion-inhibiting properties to said cutting oil.

2. Cutting oil according to claim 1 in which said salt is potassium nonyl-phenate.

3. Cutting oil according to claim 1 in which said pe-' troleum hydrocarbon has a viscosity of between about 75 and 200 sec. Saybolt at 100 degrees F. and said emulsifying base consists of about 70 percent by weight of a petroleum mahogany sulfonate having a 30-50 percent occlude-d oil content, about 20 percent of soda-rosin soap and about 5 percent of diethylene glycol.

4. Cutting oil according to claim 3 in which said salt is potassium nonyl-phenate. I

5. A composition of matter capable of forming when blended with a normally liquid petroleum hydrocarbon substantially stable aqueous emulsions of the oil-inrwat'er type consisting essentially of an aqueous phase emulsifying agent for said petroleum hydrocarbon and between 1 to 7 percent of a salt of a substituted phenol having the general formula R OM in which R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having between 5 and 24 carbon atoms, cycloalkyll radicals and aralkyl radicals, and M is a member selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and tetraethanol ammonium hydroxide calculated on said emulsifying base for imparting corrosion-inhibiting properties to said cutting oil. 6. A composition of matter according to claim 5 in which said salt is potassium nonyl-phenate.

7. A composition of matter according to claim 5 wherein said emulsifying base comprises about 70 percent by weight of a petroleum mahogany sulfonate having a 30-50 percent occluded oil content, about 20 percent of soda-resin soap and about 5 percent of diethylene glycol with the remainder being water.

8. A composition of matter capable of forming with water stable aqueous emulsions of the oil-in-water type comprising between 1 to 9 parts by volume of a normally 9 liquid petroleum hydrocarbon and about 1 part by volume of an emulsifying base consisting of an aqueous phase emulsifying agent for said normal liquid petroleum hydrocarbon and between 1 to 7 percent of a salt of a substituted phenol having the general formula R OM in which R is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having between and 24 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl nadicals and aralkyl radicals, and M is a member selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and tetraethanol ammonium hydroxide calculated on said emulsifying base for imparting corrosion-inhibiting properties to said cutting oil.

9. A composition of matter according to claim 8 in which said salt is potassium nonyl-phenate.

10. A composition of matter according to claim 8 in which said petroleum hydrocarbon oil has a viscosity of between about 75 to 200 sec. Saybolt at 100 degrees F. and said emulsifying base consists of about 70 percent by weight of a petroleum mahogany sul-fonvate having a percent occlude-d oil content, about 20 percent of soda-rosin soap and about 5 percent of diethylene glycol.

1 1. A composition of matter according to claim 5 wherein said salt of said substituted phenol is formed in situ.

12. The cutting oil according to claim 1 wherein 10 percent by volume of said composition capable of forming an aqueous emulsion is emulsified with water.

13. A composition of matter in accordance with claim 8 wherein 6 parts by volume of said liquid petroleum hydrocarbon are blended with 1 part by volume of said emulsifying base.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,197,833 Reifi Apr. 23, 1940 2,307,744 Liberthson 'Jan. 12, 1943 2,328,727 Langer Sept. 7, 1943 2,419,360 McNab et a1. Apr. 22, 1947 2,619,459 Neif Nov. 25, 1952 2,655,478 Deutser et a1. Oct. 13, 1953 2,894,910 Francis et al. July 14, 1959 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,098,821 July 23, 1963 Jacob Faust et al.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent reqairing correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.

Column 8, line 71, for "soda-resin" read soda-rosin column 9, line 3, for "normal" read normally Signed and sealed this 25th day of February 1964.

(SEAL) Attest:

ERNEST SWIDER EDWIN L. REYNOLDS Attesting Officer AC ting Commissioner of Pan-m 

1. A CUTTING OIL OF THE STABLE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION TYPE COMPRISING BETWEEN 80 TO 98 PERCENT OF WATER AND BETWEEN 2 TO 20 PERCENT OF A COMPOSITION CAPABLE OF FORMING AN AQQUEOUS EMULSION OF THE OIL-IN-WATER TYPE COMPOSED OF BETWEEN 1 TO 9 PARTS BY VOLUME OF A NORMALLY LIQUID PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON AND 1 PART BY VOLUME OF AN AQUEOUS PHASE EMULSIFYING AGENT FOR SAID HYDROCARBON AND 1 TO 7 PERCENT OF A SALT OF A SUBSTITUTED PHENOL HAVING THE GENERAL FORMULA
 3. CUTTING OIL ACCORDING TO CLAIM 1 IN WHICH SAID PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON HAS A VISOCOSITY OF BETTWEEN ABOUT 75 AND 200 SEC. SAYBOLT AT 100 DEGREE F. AND SAID EMULSIFYINNG BASE CONSISTS OF ABOUT 70 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF A PETROLEUM MAHOGANY SULFONATE HAVING A 30-50 PERCENT OCCLUDED OIL CONTENT, ABOUT 20 PERCENT OF SODA-ROSIN SOAP AND ABOUT 5 PERCENT OF DIETHYLENE GLYCOL. 